Reproductive Health Management in ruminants, with particular emphasis on new technologies
Abstract
Achieve Reproductive Health Management In ruminants is a buzzword called Total Quality Management (TQM). Goals reproductive efficiency means 12-13 months interval, low repeat breeding and early offspring following birth. Less than 2% of abortions and less than 10% in placenta and metritis in herds can ensure less than 18% culling rates.
Removed in a developed country like the U.S. has reproductive efficiency. An overall design of 51% in 1955 reduced to 38%. Is she talking to We must use modern technologies of ETT (embryo transfer) technology. The old conventional sleeve, rectal palpation, CL-evaluation, reproductive disease diagnosis, has be replaced by ultrasound, laparoscopy, DNA-guided diagnosis and improves the fertility assessment technologies. Several modern technological impact on improving reproductive management were discussed.
Diagnosis to reduce the uterus (COD) Cystic ovaries, anestrus, reproductive loss and infertility focus needs. The reproduction of cryopreservation, semen sex determination, spermatogenesis, invitrofertilization, transfer of nuclear material and introduction of disease resistance and the Animal welfare. The difficulties in the artificial breeding of calves, and stress to their mothers refused to animal welfare. Different methods and their implications have been revised.
A new role of mother fetal effects of hybridization of the races has come to the surface. Several such events have been expressed brought. New concepts such as reproductive explained as a signal molecule, nitric oxide, endothelial, nitric oxide synthase and its effects on reproductive function have been. New knowledge models, such as the development approaches of the sheep, mother-fetal interaction, extracellular hormone action, cytokines, relay signals and their conversion into monomeric and dimeric forms have been postulated.
Concept Hypothalmic astrocyle model with its biological control has been detailed. Due to technical progress by the author in the past 2 decades have been depicted as pictorial monographs. A new concept of economic Dairy Vission 2050, India was predicted.
A global political perspective of Animal Sciences industry for India has been trying to glow Livestock Marketing Competition. A possible role for smallholders mega-companies with mixed Agriculture Module presented. Generate new technology, research needs and gaps were identified for young researchers.
Introduction:
1st Total Quality Management
(TQM) is the current buzzword in the production of quality food products of animal origin for human Consumption. The TQM approach requires that appropriate attention to all facets of the dairy herd management in an effort to consumers and their needs satisfy given. Maintain good records and using computer-driven technology is recommended. Goals that are realistic and made possible by the adoption of a reproductive Health Program are:
i. Average calving interval between 12 to 13 months.
ii. Breeding efficiency under 1.5 services per conception and less than 30 percent returns home after 60 days.
iii. Postpartum interval, first standing heat between 30 to 40 days.
iv. Postpartum interval, first breeding – not to 70 days is greater than 55.
v. Repeat 8 to 10 percent of farmers or less,
vi. Abnormal anestrus after 60 days of birth reduced to 2 to 15 percent.
vii. Of abortions 1 to 2 percent or less.
viii. Retained placentas 5 to 10 percent or less.
ix. Metritis 5 to 10 percent or less
x. Culling percentage of reproductive Failure less than 18 percent.
2. Reproductive Efficiency
The famous scientists and clinicians reproductive Zemjanis, compared the reproductive Efficiencies achieved in the United States maintained in 1955 with the stocks in 1985. The first service conception was decreased from 53.4% to 38.7 in 1985, and the corresponding Figures for the total conception rate was reduced from 50.7% to 37.7%. The percentage of open cows increased 22-27 PD test. Repeat breeding was 15% calving interval was 13.2 to 13.4 months. The prenatal mortality increased from 3.4 to 9%. Thus, reduction in reproductive efficiency in the year 1985 or 2007 on the last 3-4 decades was observed. Is it that the technology of the year 1955 are not in a position to provide efficient reproduction in 2007?. During the time a large number of new technologies emerged. Is that we are on new technologies refinement in herd management play especially the ability to reproduce?. Should we go beyond traditional Rectal palpation or sleeves, and visits to new monitoring and evaluation by ultrasound or other new technology?. A wide range of application of new technologies for heat detection required. CL-evaluation, diagnosis of reproductive diseases, semen evaluation, diagnosis of pregnancy, infertility and other reproductive harm. This is where we need " Reproductive health management through new technologies. "(Zem Janis, 1987)
3. Uterine Diagnostics
The condition of the uterus may be replaced by rectal palpation, vaginal speculum examination will disgnosed, uterine swab culture, uterine biopsy, ultrasound imaging of the uterus and ovaries and progesterone test. Abnormal birth cows are calculated on the basis of uterine horn size and structure In addition to vulvar discharge. Cows are identified as abnormal treated with intrauterine infusion of antibiotics, antiseptics, chemical irritants, prostaglandin injections, or a combination of these means. Most cows (> 80%) postcalving should ovulate 30 days. Cystic ovarian disease (COD) can occur in 5 to 10% of the cows after birth and delayed first ovulation and first breeding. Anestrous cows have small inactive ovaries with little change compared to the sequential tests. Follicles <15 mm in diameter can be detected on examination, but not ovulation. Diagnosis of pregnancy in 35 days, has a higher value compared to 45 days or later. Reduced pregnancy test 35 days days between Breeding and the proportion of cows over 48 days from breeding. (Ferguson, 1995)
4th Reproductive Biotechnology:
Based on the progress the scientific knowledge of endocrinology, reproductive medicine physio-biology and embryology in the last fifty years, new biotechnology techniques have been developed in animal breeding and livestock introduced. Among them are oestrussynchronisation / ovulation induction, artificial insemination, multiple ovulation, embryo transfer (MOET), in vitro embryo production (IVP) and cloning by nuclear transfer. The objectives of these reproductive technologies were originally to accelerate the genetic improvement of farm animals through the Increase in the offspring of selected men and women and reducing the production intervals. The techniques of nuclear transfer cloning for experimental purposes have used the prospect of the practical implementation in the near future. The unity of the stocks for an early management or for the propagation of transgenic Animals after gene targeting are its results. Within the farm animal biotechnology, animal welfare should be given particular attention. Transfer of embryos in dairy cows can lead to more dystocia. Intrauterine insemination by laparoscopy or laparotomy with minimal anesthesia by breeders' organizations operating stress on the animals.
Both multiple ovulation and embryo transfer are technically possible in general. However the transfer of embryos after multiple ovulation increases are the embryonic Death, larger calves with a longer period of pregnancy, and more dystocia (van wagtendo et al 2000). Some of the modern uses of biotechnology in animal reproduction Management can be combined and named as:
5. Reproductive Techniques:
Reproductive techniques have been reviewed, wani, 2004 and are summarized hereafter:
i. Is Generation Reproductive Technologies:
a. Artificial Insemination Technology
b. Cryopreservation Techniques.
c. Semen sexing
d. Opportune time insemination
e. spermatogenesis.
ii. 2. Generation Reproductive Technologies
a. Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET).
b. The development of the embryo blocks.
c. Embryo Flushing & Evaluation.
d. embryo preservation and culture.
iii. 3. Generation Reproductive Technologies
a. Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
b. Clonning Techniques.
iv. Future Generation Reproductive Technologies
a. Stem cell technology
b. Embryonic cell lines.
c. Pro-nuclear microinjections
d. Nuclear Transfers
e. Viral mediated transgenesis
v. Reproduction biotechnology application
a. New animal products.
b. Profitable production lines.
c. Disease resistance
d. welfare and protection.
Successful somatic cloned animal production has been reported in various domesticated species, including cattle, but it is associated with a high rate of pregnancy loss. The low Yield clones could arise either from an unusual and / or poorly developed placenta. Compared to control cows less placentomes in somatic cells were nuclearrecipient (NT) cows found on day 60 of pregnancy, indicating a slowing of the fetal / placental growth factor in these animals. NT cows not only had lower Number of chorionic villi, but also had poorly developed wattle. Macroscopic examination showed a typical development of the placentomes in terms of shape and size. Histological Disruption of the chorionic villi and caruncular septum was found in NT cows. Of particular interest was that the expression of genes and proteins in the placentome between NT and was different cows are artificially inseminated, in particular placental lactogen (PL) and pregnancy associated glycoprotein (PAG). In contrast, prolactin-related protein (PRP-I) Signals were comparable across cows, including cows wear immovable NT fetuses. The expression of extracellular matrix degrading molecule was Heparanase (HPA) in NT cows from the control cows divergent. Microarray data indicate that gene expression was disoriented in the early stages of implantation in NT Cows, but that was eliminated with progression of pregnancy. These results strongly support a delay in trophoblast development in the early stages the placenta in NT cows suggest, and the placenta-specific proteins, including PLS, PAGs and HPA are important indicators of the deviation of the pregnancy and placental function in cows. (Kruip and Van Re, 2008)
There is a large body of evidence that, in comparison with in vivo control program, the size and Weight of IVP calves higher (30% over 50 kg), the gestation period is longer, the incidence of dystocia% and the Caesarean section is much high. The% abortions and perinatal Death are also higher (Behboodi et al, 1995; Kruip and Den Daas 1995; Wagtendon-de Leeuw et al. 1998, 2000). In general, the calves are less active are (Reinders et al. 1995). In addition to increasing% of hydroallantois and congenital malformations, including abnormal limb and spinal cord in IVP calves and lambs. Are together these problems as the large offspring syndrome (LOS) (Young 1998) defined. (Farin & Farin, 1995) and Sinclair et al. (1997) found a differential growth of organs (Liver, heart, kidneys and adrenal glands) after IVP. Postnatal some anomalies observed in IVP calves. (Deroose et al.2000)
MOET, including the synchronization and Induction of oestrus and AI and IVP, NT, sometimes with serious consequences. We propose that (potential) risks of biotechnologies for farm animal welfare should be systematically be evaluated. The type of research should be multidisciplinary and should use an appropriate scientifically valid experimental designs and protocols to make. Results corresponding in the development and use of the safest biotechnological methods and procedures. The technological progress which is ethically justified, and beneficial to society i in general, the scientific and agricultural community, e made for greater use of productivity.
6. New concepts
Nitric oxide as a signaling molecule:
For many years, scientists in the field of reproductive research spoke of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (ERDF). That was probably a signal molecule. The discovery that EDRF was in fact nitric oxide (NO). More than 60,000 papers have been published in 10 years to NO. Nobel Laureates of 1998 was the discovery. Nitric oxide is responsible for neurotransmission is immune defense, cell death (apoptosis) and cell motility. It has a half life from a few seconds. They produce enzymes (NOS), nitric oxide synthases (Phil, 2007).
Nitric oxide is a small molecule that is spreading rapidly in the cell membrane. Its diffusion distances may be several hundred micrometers and its biological effects are mediated by a number of objectives such as heme groups, cysteine, iron, zinc, or clusters.
Nitric oxide (NO) is now recognized as an important intra-and inter-cellular messenger. It relaxes the uterine tissue, by inhibiting the contractility of the Uterus. Thus, by reducing the movement helps the uterus in uterine quiescence. This is the usual progestins and antignostic to PGF2 alpha. NO also plays an Role in ovulation in the interplay of ovarian cancer steriodogenesis and prostaglandins.
Progesterone synthesis is reported in NE dose-dependent rats (Yuan et al, 1999) Nitric oxide reduced estradiol secretion in rats increased. There is evidence that NO play a role in vascular endothelium dependent relaxation plays phagocytic cell cytotoxicity, cenbtral nervous system neurotransmission and relaxation of the uterus (Moha et al, 2001). Granulosa cells and luteal cells synthesize nitric oxide in the rat ovary. Preovulatory Follicles in their theca and stromal cell layers of enzyme synthesis. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOSIII) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS II) are among these enzymes.
Nitric oxide is a fast-acting signal, which has the ability to receipt of blood and blood components in follicular fluid block. New concept of the NOS system which is in ovulation and follicular rupture is now postulated. NOS acts through vasodilatation and ovulatory leukocyte distribution. The reorganization of follicular rupture and the formation of corpora lutea requires nitric oxide. Thus, NO has a role in ovarian physiology and steriodogenesis.
A neuropathway can be proved in the future. There are Signs of hypothalmic NOS – with neurons that regulate LH. In addition, NOS contains (nerve) fibers were also found in rats. Is there anything as a local modulator steriodogenesis? how many of their actions are mediated by iron-containing enzymes such as guanylate cyclase and cyclo oxygen. The upregulation of progesterone and estradiol down regulation production in the ovaries, it is now attributed to NOS – system. NO may act by binding to the iron-sulfur unit of the enzymes involved in the process of steriodiogenesis and work of their production. (Yuan et al, 1999, Motta et al. 2001).
7. New Knowledge Models
a. Development of the ovine conceptus
? Cover on caruncles
? Protective covers mucin.
? 18. Days temporary facility.
? 39. Days cotyledons appear.
? 40. Days of elongated projections blastocysts in caruncular epithelium.
? 42th days syncytial formation.
? 48. Appendix days placentomes fixed.
? Non-invasive plant.
? Invasive plant after the 40th Day.
? 80. Day of gestation – placentomes, – structured appearance of recognizable individual risks cotyledons and wattle leather suit.
? Intra caruncular and caruncular cotyledonary plant is supported by the demonstration of:
• Histological Change
• Progesterone / Estrogen receptors
• Biochemical and morphological evidence.
(Khatoon 2007 – MVSc Thesis)
b. Fetal maternal interaction Temporary Asset
Binucleate cells (gestation days) 18
Dissemination of endometrial cells
E2/P4 receptors
Growth factors.
Progesterone receptors with increasing Progress of pregnancy.
? E2 estrogen receptors almost constant during pregnancy.
? Higher E / P ratio.
? Fluctuations in the mineral, glucose, enzymes and proteins.
? Vaginal, cervical and uterine cancer epithelial changes observed as pregnancy progressed is.
C. Extracellular hormone action (the concept of Canadian scientist)
Growth factors or cytokines … … Transcription Genes by specific receptor-… .. Intracellular signaling molecules (Groner, 2002).
Conversion monomers to form dimeric
Mode: tyrosine phosphorylation
D. Hypothalmic astrocytes Employ … .. Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) Directly regulate the GnRH … .. Controls … Sexual maturity … & …. Adult playback capabilities
This is what we now name like: Astrocyte – GnRH – neuron-signaling pathway
Techniques situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry … … Motion communication processes.
Bouret et al, 2004 France
E. Biological Control
Multiple signals …. Susceptibility or un-receptivity (Ringo et al, 1996 – USA) Hypothalmo-pituitary – gonodotrophic – axis …. Middle of the pregnancy develops in sheep – late pregnancy … GnRH neuron development centers in pregnancy or during the fetal life … Only maturational changes occur during puberty – to a GnRH neuronal system.
F. Hypothalmo – Pictuitory – Somatorophic axis starts in fetal life
Midgestation …. But do not develop growth hormone RH neuronal system until 10 weeks after birth. (Polkowska, 1995) Poland
8. "Significant technological advances by the author in the last 10 years"
i. An experiment with sperm and ovaries of slaughtered sheep vitro –vitro fertilization and maturation techniques were used to produce morula to. Fig.1. These techniques have renewed public and aroused great worldwide recognition as the awards. This work has been cited by HistCite index Lan Wilmut founder of Dolly, the sheep. (& wani wani, 2000, 2003). In the era of biological security and the international Zoo and plant sanitation, have attempted to limit bacterial and microbial loads in semen. Vitro bacterial sensitivity and bacterial load of semen was reported (visual et al 2000) (Koul 2002), which stimulated a new era of biological safety of germ cells and higher fertility rates in cattle.
ii. The previously unused Research the prenatal development of the sheep fetus was attempted (Mufti et al 2000, Wani and Buchoo, 1990). The study attracted much interest and quotations. Very few Studies in this area are in the world. This study is of great value for human and animal health. It was further investigated during the last Years. For the first time in the world, we have presented the mammalian fetal maternal Union in its true form. This is an indirect connection. A new concept of fetal Growth, differentiation, fetal cotyledons within the extended blastocyst has raised hopes for the preparation of an Invitro Fetal Development Model. (Wani, et al, 2006a, 2006b). These new concepts presented in international conferences on genomic and proteomic approaches. The models were highly valued for use in various drug – Gene – disease interactions. (Wani et al, 2006c, d, e). The dinuclear and hybrid nuclear cells were identified, syncytia and related mechanisms of fetal-maternal Plants specify. Fig.2. These terms have been revolutionizing disease resistance, control and prevention.
iii. We tried to fish ovary extract (drop), expensive synthetic To replace hormones. This is ready for patatening. Laparoscopy for ovarian prognosis with use of ultrasound for pregnancy diagnosis in sheep and goats has been renewed and perfected. (Wani et al, 1998; Mufti et al, 1998). The use of hCG in terms of lamb prices (Wani et al 2000) and the use of laparoscopy for ovulation Detection limit new replications of our previous studies (Buchoo et al 2000). World famous Elsevier / Academic Press asked me to write a paper for Encyclopedia of Dairy Science Vol II, PP 1259-1270. The single will be invited in Asia, can contribute to goat management systems, is in itself remarkable achievement grouped by the world-renowned Professor John R. Campbell, president emeritus of the Oklahoma State University as "World renowned experts disciplinary procedures, Wise, and excellent Author. "Our work on Economics of Pashmina goats and their genetic characterization has been applauded by the world renowned scientists and industry Pashmina in Ladakh to helped to produce fine pashmina.
iv. Our recent research on prenatal and maternal fetal interaction is one unique in the world. Various gynecological land marks, placenta and immunological barriers, wattles, cotyledon development, and their union is the unique nature and is reviewed in Figure 1-10 will.
9. Dairy Economics:
Dairy and animal husbandry, especially the business in general suffer from two problems:
1. Higher production and maintenance costs
2. Low market prices for livestock products
Global quantities of milk varies with Dairy Farm Structures. Dairy Farm Buildings 2-5 are either small animal farms, as with us, or large more than 50 or 100 The countries like USA, EU, Canada, Israel, Hungary, USA, South America and Oceania have large farm structures. Besides producing Oceania none Milk on the world market price of 15-22 dollars per quintal. This large farm structures does not always economical. Our small farm dairy structure is more competitive than the West. This advantage must be in the context of the WTO are harvested liberalization Global System. If they need to strengthen cooperation small farmer-operative? Do we have the needs of the implementation of strategies to promote small farmers. The sale of 1 liter of milk in India is less than a liter of water. This must seriously considered by our planning commission.
a. Increased production
The cost of milk production are high in the Scandinavian countries and Spain. The Giants are losers yesterday, today. The highest production price is also in districts such as Hungary, Czech Republic, Israel, Bangladesh, Thailand and parts of China. Your Cost for the production is more than the global average production that is 15-22 dollars / quintal. Those who produce at world market prices of 15-22 dollars Estonia, Poland, Chile, Brazil, India, Vietnam, and Oceania. So we have to win tough competition with those countries to export markets. Switzerland, Norway and Canada produce Milk at much higher price than the EU and U.S., its markets in the Middle East are our export pastures.
b. Lower milk prices
The low milk prices as world market average in Argentina and Pakistan. However, they have the advantage of distribution rather than production axis, as farmers are forums demorcating not created. As such, they are not put absolutely every competition with us. We have the advantage of exporting to Asia and our other neighbor, China also produces milk at a higher cost. We must, as a "future milk Prepare for exporters in Asia. "This must be a preparation for zoo-sanitary and export-oriented shift in the political decision.
c. North-West Export Zone
The north-western states have self-sufficiency in milk. We need this north-west zone, consisting of J & K, HP, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat as our potential milk Export Zone. We need for their mission modes induce animal disease-free status, so that we comply with international-zoo-sanitary standards. Poor sanitation is our zoo – major impediment to the export of milk. Involvement of farmers suggested on these routes.
10. Global Meat Industry:
The next thrust area under Transfer of technology to India "big meat exports make" of the country. The global meat industry is slowly moving into the hands of Brasallians and China Farmers. Thanks to our most vegetarian diets we are running. For, the daily needs of 25g/person/day we produce only half the per-capita basis, but Our advantage is our abundance of goat meat export potential to distinguish from the rest. Also global superpower United States has more demand for Cheron as that which produces is. A change in policy and frame work needs to be developed. Our product packaging technology, and preferences of consumers who, through the transfer of technology webs will be to export concerns in particular and in general for private users. The focus has to be centered around hygienic meat production, environmental preservation, Processing and product technology. This means, in principle, "Transformation field of animal husbandry and feed management through effective communication and transfer of technology in its terminal and potential users and beneficiaries.
11. Creates Technology
We need to embryo transfer technology in Asia, leading, as in our done the dissemination of AI technology in cooperation with the Swedish know-how. Many international experience in this and other necessary transfer of technology missions. We have bio-technological relations with industry and users to develop departments. Licensing Service mode is in the desired technology transfer. We can manage at the Cornell University model. Strengthening pre-clinical, clinical and basic diagnostic skills to glow Animal Science Institute as a word Referral clinical centers. This would focus on technical training facilities for physiology, reproduction, AI, biochemistry, neuroscience, biology, and the like. Linking Research and Consulting, teachers, students and peasants under KVK patterns are needed for quick Animal Science Technology. The referral TOT in animal is ready to be switched in the following area in the next few years.
? Rapid diagnostic tools and techniques
? Tannin removal technology and low-cost packaging
? High disease prevalence security checks. Can the exchange of emerging disease patterns for public health experts to give us better dividends.
? Biotechniques germplasm for propagation and improvement.
12. In short, we need to focus
? Global-food-chain system factors (GFSCF)
? Comparative Research on competitive health and disease (CCDH)
? Internationalizing veterinary and animal science education.
? To reach out for global agriculture by TOT. (Transfer of Technology)
13. Future Research Needs or gaps
• Preventing emerging diseases threats
• Refined the diagnosis of disease
• Drug – disease – targeting.
International Zoo-sanitary regulations and policies relating to product to us in Global fitness – food – chain – the operating systems.
14. Future Research Goals
i. Targeted gene delivery.
ii. Neuroregulatory mechanisms.
iii. Innate immune system.
iv. Protein Interactions – conformational transcriptional mechanism.
V. Gene – Drugs – Design. Molecular targeted under genomes.
vi. Natural susceptibility associated protein for immunization imaging and mapping.
About the Author
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Professor Ghulam Mohyuddin Wani did his Ph.D from IVRI, Izatnagar in 1985 in Animal Reproduction / Gynaecology and got Dr. Med. Vet.**Additional Doc. Degree from Veterinary Institute, Deemed Univ. Hannover Germany in 1984 in the field of Animal Reproduction/ Production. He also earned DAAD Fellowship(Post Doc.) from German Academic Exchange, Hannover, Germany in Animal Breeding institute, Buetweg, Hannover,Germany and is currently Director Extension Education and Director SAMETI in the S.K. University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar – Srinagar.
The author can be contacted at: P.O.Box: 461, GPO, Srinagar by post or mailed at wanimohyuddin@yahoo.com
Farm for SALE: Quinta Do Pinheiro, near Portalegre, Portugal.
